其实之前就听说过这次的“尘肺事件”，但只是在网站上匆匆看过。

直到前两天，发高烧到39度5，在家里面躺着休息，偶尔看电视的时候才看到张海超的活人形象，以及他的故事。

是君年纪28，郑州人士，若于普通人，正是血气方刚，一展大业的时候。但观其目光疲惫，长相老态，甚至连说话没有力气。

张海超的事情大多数人应该已经知道，在高粉尘环境从事工作三年，身染尘肺重病，单位却私扣体检证明，张奔赴各大医疗机构，检测结果均为尘肺，欲向郑州职防所申请鉴定，却做出个“肺结核”的结果，否定其患上职业病，于是便算不上工伤。张无奈，便冒着生命危险，开胸验肺，果不其然，确诊是尘肺。但职防所则以该结论非有资质机构做出为由坚持否定其为尘肺。绝望的张最终只能求助媒体，暴光此事。卫生部高层震惊，派专人前往督办此案，职防所重做鉴定，发现已是尘肺三期，此乃绝症，张海超已经无药可救。于是，撤了职防所的领导，张所在的民企负责人被抓，该企业也倒闭了。

故事浓缩在上段，初看之下，又是一个高层关注，民冤得以伸张，恶吏奸商得除，正义得直，百姓拍手称快的美丽故事。

但我看到的更多的是，中国草根阶层自救的那份坚忍和悲壮。

为了证明一个事实，竟然必须以一种伤害自己的方式——开胸验肺，进行证明。

然而最终还是蚂蚁难撼树。

若不是媒体最终将该事实进行宣传，这个悲壮的故事可能就将以悲剧收场，也没有那么多人可以听到这个故事。

张海超的最终成功仅仅是个案，但仅仅是这种小小的胜利，也会让那些每天排着长队在全国不同信访部门等待着的人看到希望。

希望。。是个很奇怪的力量。人活着不就为了个念想吗？

达官贵人想着金钱美女，含冤受苦想着包公下凡。这种“想”对于行动的影响往往都是那么强大，以至于有时候超出了我们的预料。

也都能让人不惜以生命为代价。有时不禁让人感叹，这世间复杂也复杂，可简单也简单。有很多人看透这一切便自愿地隐居山野，不理凡事。

而我，却经常被一些冥冥中的力量感动的，就像张海超这样的人，我还记得他在访谈最后道：“从这件事情中，我发现我不是在一个人战斗，在我身后有很多人，同时，我也一定要战斗下去，因为我的战斗不是为了我一个人，而是很多很多人。”我吃惊于一个普普通通的“草根”（深怀敬意地这么说）对于这个世界的感知。

你让很多人有理由继续战斗下去，你让我感动，战斗是一种崇高。

 

此念

 

2009年9月11日

    总的感觉是大家比较倾向于认为此案适用以危险方式危害公共安全罪。一直有意写自己的意见，但感觉案件背后的法理很复杂，以自身有限的能力，恐怕写不好。今天觉得，就想到一点写一点吧。

    从客观方面来说，超速驾驶、越过双黄线驾驶，撞死4人，撞伤1人。从行为模式看，既符合交通肇事罪（如果认为行为模式也不符合，则再论），又符合以危险方式危害公共安全罪。主观方面成为比较关键也是争议较多的问题。总得来看，两个点成为重要因素：无证驾驶＋醉酒驾驶。通常来说，客观方面，也就是犯罪行为，与主观方面，也就是故意、过失等，是分离的评价体系。但从客观方面向主观方面作出一种推定是有可能的。不过这种推定应该是确定的，一一对应的。也就是说，A的原因只产生B的结果，则在有B的情况方能推出A。如果A1，A2都能推出B，则由B作出的推定便存在“合理怀疑”，或者用中国刑法语言来说，不够确实、充分。由此，我不认为“越过双黄线驾驶，也就是开到马路对面”这种行为可以必然推出其“故意”。因为越双黄线逆向行驶在交通肇事中还是很常见的，完全可能由过失所致。客观方面的一个主要的问题是，醉酒这情节。我国刑法对于定罪的一个基本要求就是主客观的统一。普通法也将“concurrence of mens rea and actus reus”（犯罪心意和犯罪行为的同时性）奉为原则。但醉酒驾驶者在肇事时已经属于严重醉酒的状态，这种心态的“blackout”或者缺失，会否影响到犯罪构成。“A drunk intention is, nevertheless an intention”，普通法对“concurrence of mens rea and actus reus”最通常弥补是，由于主动醉酒（voluntary intoxication）归责于醉酒者自身主动招致（self－induced）的。故此，弥补之后出现的醉酒状态的主观方面要件的缺失。但是以主动醉酒的心素要件直接推论对于超速驾驶、越过双黄线驾驶，撞死4人，撞伤1人这一行为背后存在也是一种故意——间接故意是否合适？因为我们知道区别故意和过失的最基本的方法，就是行为人对于行为后果持有的态度，直接故意中，行为人对结果持肯定态度，间接故意中，行为人对结果持无所谓，均可接受的态度。过失中，，行为人对结果持否定态度。我无法想通的一个关键，就是醉酒驾车者在撞人那一刻已经没有神智，甚至可能身体处于麻痹状态，而其并无反社会情绪，并没有任何犯罪的动机，作为一个普通人，其正常思维应对结果持反对态度。但现在由于没有正常思维，这部分内容由于不存在，所以实际已经无法进行法律对其的评价。将此种不可评价归责于将评价内容抹去的醉酒人，似乎是无可厚非。但仔细想想却并不符合绝对理性的标准以及最严格的逻辑。就一个孩子考试时完成一张试卷，在交卷前不当心掉到水里，泡烂了。现在就直接判孩子考试不及格。从形式和程序的角度来看确实是正确的。但是这种判断始终还是不能反映孩子那次考试到底考得怎么样。

    普通法较为新进的理论，是将醉酒者尽管不存在特定意图（specific intent），但却存在笼统意图（basic intent）。使其在明知其行为会导致不特定严重后果的情况下，屏蔽自己思想对于自己行为危险性的思考，这就是我们所说的放任的心态。如果我们将醉酒状态下，人的思想中第一个要去从事一定危险事件（如醉酒驾车）的念头称之为笼统意图，只要行为不是受制于外力，而主动进入从事一定危险事件，其对实施危险行为的态度至少是不支持，也不反对。行为人由于醉酒无法在思想中构建出特定意图，比如穿越双黄线，比如撞向人群。所以在整个过程中都处于笼统意图之中。故此，可以认为主客观在这一层面达到了统一。

我不想写很多关于司考的东西,

但总觉得还是要写点什么...

关于自己,我不想多说什么,只是觉得可能运气比较好吧.

我更想说的是我真心感谢所有的帮助,鼓励过我的家人,朋友,老师,还有战友.

通过司考可能是件美好的事情.但只有你们是这件事情当中真正最美好的东西.

我,现在可能只是个没什么能力小角色,谈不上什么报答.但将来或许有机会,一定会.

但禾子嘴上不说,心里一向是爱憎分明,懂得感恩的人.

我,会记得这一切,深深感激你们.

 

特别感谢,在万国里互相帮助的老周,经常互相抽问了N多题目的小毛,来万国探监的师父

司考当晚还专门来看我,帮我带力保健的Randy

以及一起吃饭,给予我无限RP的兮

还有,所有人...你们都将是我,关于司考的最珍贵的回忆.

言尽于此,其意不绝

 

1.legal research

做这个东西,还是满灵的!其我发现自己满喜欢做这个的..可以为一个topic在电脑前做一天,不感到有任何乏味.

结果就是,我发现自己的肩膀一笑就很酸.

2.打牌

打牌好开心的...尽管被斩得遍体鳞伤...

但是!那不是真正实力..主要是我们缺少配合.老是玩杀人,很久不打80分了.现在开始,我肯定会进步神速的!我要打牌!!!

3.一个人寝室

寝室就我一个人..不过满宽敞的,也好..

4.大学城

学生街还是很灵的,尽管周末人不算很多.都三年多大学了.算是真正好好"走"了一次~

大学城游泳馆很赞很划算.设施先进.恒温的.一个半小时,10块钱.猪之家什么时候组织去锻炼身体把!

一个次贷危机,一步步演变成金融风暴,最后开始影响实体经济,最后危及到实体经济,来到它的高潮,金融海啸阶段.

海啸来了,自然人心惶惶,该逃命的都得逃命去了.海啸来了,有人宣称这比1929到1933年的美国经济大萧条影响更大.总之百年一遇的经济危机已经来临了.

我希望以一个门外汉的角度说说我的理解和猜想,其实自己也不懂什么,只是听到百年一遇我很感兴趣.如果是百年一遇最大的狮子座流星雨我也会去买个望远镜去看的.纯属兴趣~

我想说的第一个猜想是,这次危机对中国的影响应该不会很大,甚至还会有不错的机会.首先,中国相对于金融成熟市场,其金融产业的发展还是十分有限的,金融全球化的程度比较低,中国对美国的投资主要是购买国债.次级债券的拥有量是十分少的.不管是中国投资者对于华尔街的游戏规则本身并不熟悉,加之中国人的传统思维,喜欢将钱投资于实业或者直接就是把钱藏着或者直接就是储蓄.所以中国对于国际金融的参与程度是十分低的.美国的银行业的破产之风,对中国的影响是有限的.

其二,中国的仍然是一个以第二产业为支柱的国家.生产,制造业是国家的命脉,人们可以不投资,但衣食住行,产品消费还是必不可少的,这次的金融风暴对实体产业的影响,目前看来还并未波及中国.虽然不排除今后进一步扩大的可能.但改革开放三十年,已经为我国产生了一个强大的内需市场.所以具有很强的抵御外围经济危机影响的实力.

其三,政府公信力十分高.行政能力为民众所信任.在中国,尽管人们攻击政府腐败,或者对于政治改革有种种微词.但是对于政府,特别是中央政府的言出必达是十分具有信心的.金融危机,几乎所有金融危机,最终的形态都是银行遭到大量的,疯狂的挤兑.这时,人们对银行已经失去信心.但在中国,银行是政府的,受到行政力量的控制.有宏观调控这一有力的大手.温家宝总理一句"信心比黄金还重要",这虽然不是什么行政命令.但中国人就会一下子有了信心.这不是反话,是事实.中央高层在民间是有很高地位的,这种权力的至高性,在海啸来临的飘摇年代,真的是很重要的.

中国的机会~

我想说,这次经济危机对于中国可能还有不错的机会.危机中,"危险"和"机会"是并存的,首先是经济上,金融业在遭受重创,银行纷纷倒闭,的确是因为没有资金.但这并不意味世界上没有钱了.投资者回笼筹码之后,政府把大量资金投入救市后,这些钱该怎么用,其实终究还是要用于投资的.我认为在虚拟经济遭受重创后,实体产业将成为下一轮投资的重点.中国的生产制造业,第二产业的发展程度已经到达了很高的程度.政府公信力高,市场稳定.我觉得在经济危机中,中国仍然是投资的最佳选择之一.在各个国家把大量资金投入救市之后,这些资金应该有很大一部分会来到中国.

我的大胆猜测是,中国在股市经历半年多低迷后,有希望在半年到一年后的时间回暖.而且,像可口可乐收购汇源之类的外国大公司收购国内名牌优质资产的事情会继续发生.如果要进一步预测,我觉得未来,在可能的全球经济大萧条中,中国的某些产业对于国内国外,仍然会是投资的好选择.

这里有一个关键字,那就是"源泉".有些规律我觉得是原始自然和人类现代社会所共有的.一切东西都被毁掉之后,要修养生息,最重要的必然就是"源泉". 所以我做出如下预测: (1)能源业,工业生产的源泉.(2)食品,餐饮业,人作为物质所仰赖的源泉.(3)教育业,人作为精神的载体所必须的.特别是经济形势不佳.人们必然会将投资自身.加强自身能力的培养.(1),(2),(3)中,又以(2),(3)受实体经济的影响最小.所以要是有些股票的投资价值出现,这三个领域是可以考虑的.所以要是万国ipo,我肯定会去买,最好它先跌破发行价...

中国的另一个重大机遇就是,提升国家地位,如果能在这次经济危机中,顽强地挺立着,会给国际社会留下十分好的印象.让别的国家今后在与中国的合作中更有信心.更把中国视作经济上不可缺少的伙伴,从而减少可能的敌意.

 

实习两天了,感觉还满好的,这里的氛围很好,大家人都特别好!

都挺互助的,也都可以发表自己的观点.

最重要的是,人和人之间的关系都比较融洽.

所有的par都是男的,下面的律师大多数是女的,不过都比我大-_-

但是大家都很年轻,却已经十分老练了.使我佩服不已~

这两天我最大的干活貌似就是看招股书了...看的我超级头晕之后也只是对交易构架有个很笼统的概念.

从理解到自己可以构建,还是满要花工夫的...

另外check了几个dd report,发现公司法,和合同法果然是王道...真的应该超级深入研究才行

还要查点东西,不写太多了.明天努力工作..."头悬梁,椎刺股" 我狂寒...

如题.

再次表决前,立帖为证~

其实我不想吵架,但我还是忍不住超了.

话说老妈有一千多块钱耐克专卖店的券要过期了,于是就打算把它们消费掉.券是老妈单位八折从商店买来的.当时说好,20%是返利.买东西,按照券上的标价,可以买全价商品,有1块就当1块用.到了那,很快就挑中一双鞋子,试好尺寸,准备拿券付钱时问题来了,那收银员硬说这个券不能买这双鞋子,要买就得补20%的钱.可是券的背面明明白白写的"可以购买所有商品,打折品,及特定的商品除外".也就是说只能买正价品.而我挑中的鞋子是正价品.应该属于可以用券购买之列.然而那营业员死活说,这鞋子属于特定商品,不能用券买,要买就得自己再贴钱.

于是...开始普及消法知识...券背面是格式条款,商店应该有对其做充分解释的义务,现在什么是特定商品根本没有做解释,商品上也未做任何"特定商品"的标识.消费者只当此为普通商品.几个营业员横得不行,直接一句"特定商品"是有我们公司规定的.公司规定没有对外公示,只对你们内部有效,不能因此来对抗消费者对券上的条款,以及商品的外部标识的信赖啊.绝对有违诚实信用啊.

反正这两天在家憋的慌,就为了几十块钱,我也争到底了."内部规定,就能玩弄消费者与股掌间吗?你说什么是特定商品不能用券就不能用,那不是明显地加重了消费者一方的利益吗?交易缺乏可预测性,消费者必然无所适从,最终就是严重损害我们的利益."

再后来,事态似乎升级了,从里面跑出个小姑娘,据称是店长,一出来就撂下狠话,竟然说:"我在里面休息,你们就在闹."态度极其蛮横,放言别想把东西用这券买走.这把我和老妈搞火了,于是,两个人对着6,7个店员就开始论起理来,我就把矛头直接针对刚才那个蛮横的店长,当然理在我们这,自然势如破竹,指出那店长"混淆概念,逻辑混乱".

她着道了,明显失去理智,开始耍赖了,"我就是逻辑混乱怎么了?"我诘问:"那你不是在乱说话吗?""我就是乱说话,我就是喜欢这么说话!""乱说话,你还出来说什么话?可以不用说了,说出来也是垃圾."她总想再狡辩什么,我立马打断她:"还说!又开始胡说!"她竟然说:"我乱说,那你也是乱说.""我说过我在乱说吗?奇怪了,只听到你在那边一边说自己乱说,乱说还要说!"她一下觉得没法开口了.就怏怏地走开了.

事到如今,真的觉得自己在吵架了...其实我真的不喜欢吵架,只是...实在太嚣张了.我觉得就不能让他们觉得消费者好欺负.即使维权的代价再高,也要去维.有时,这是"是"和"非"的原则问题,我自己觉得很重要.

当然,事情的结果,就是我们用券买到了原价商品,而且自己也没贴钱.走出店门,顿感心情舒畅.好久没这么毫无顾及吵架了.因为老周说过一段很经典,人和人之间一旦真翻脸了,就真的很难再将裂痕弥合.我想,当商家和消费者之间出现裂痕,受伤害的不仅是消费者.

又来到那熟悉的楼下,此时的眼前人溶化在这纷纷的雨中.

许多年前，有个男孩,站在楼下,无助地仰头望着,那一刻,时间就像过了一世纪.

目光有些凝滞,记忆就永远偏斜在了那,

有时只是在等待,为了一个可能,

然后,注定只是黯然离去的结局,失落者的叹息.

殊不知这竟成了永久的依赖,

也许真的不知道什么是爱,也许真的只是康德的彼岸世界,

许多年后的那个男孩,只能无助地隔岸相望.

几层楼变成了一汪平洋,

男孩每次经过那幢楼会傻傻地驻足而望,目光总是重新又一次闪亮起来.

许多年后的男孩,看到这幢楼却愈加的无助,有时甚至不及一个男孩的智慧与坚定,

雨水敲击脸颊,如时钟一般滴答,彷若隔世,

音容不改,却已故人不在,你我都不再是过去的你我...

只是有时,刹那之间,是否有种回到过去,再来一次的冲动呢.

还是那幢楼,还是那两个男女主角,却只想对你说，谢谢再见.

如果没有王子和公主,这或许也是最完美的结局.

喜滋滋的买了鞋子,喜滋滋的收到,喜滋滋地穿上

满舒服的,飞跃牌运动鞋,严重支持国货

很好很强大.

没时间写太多,就写一点拉~

昨天,新闻里出现的最多的是胡主席慰问奥运军团,而关心姚明的脚伤更被作为一个重点,反复强调.

胡主席,并不像贝鲁斯科尼,本身就是球迷,那么关心姚明,主要就是因为他的身后有个极其庞大的群体,支持着他.中国共产党要代表先进文化的发展方向.上次在中华网网聊有这个意思,这次上自劳军,且就强调我们姚将军也有这个意思.其实姚的言语包括行为,在普通的中国人心中的认可度是很高的,他爱国,是比较单纯的爱国,他直率,什么话也都说,为此还得罪了体育局的那帮爷们.连我们某些长期作为我党重要喉舌的报纸也出来打压他.有传言说体育局要封杀他,可他现在还是中国人心中的全民偶像.现在主席也出来关心他了,真不知道姚明回想往事,会有什么感觉...幸好中国就只有一个姚明,否则估计也就说封杀就被封杀了,姚明也不可能是姚明了,他也不敢说真话,他也成不了那么多普通中国人,特别是一些草根阶级心中的英雄,他能做太多他们想做却不能做,或者不敢做的事情.

  这里且先按下姚明之说不表,胡主席亲自慰问奥运军团,表面是一次轻松的慰问,可每个中国人都感觉到奥运给我们带来太多东西了.从1894的第一届奥运会近似于自娱自乐,到1984年洛山矶奥运会第一次使奥运可以盈利,从而商业化.到2008年,我们第一次反复听到奥运会可以"政治化".从奥委会考察北京时,得到的惊人民调支持率97%,许多北京人都把奥运会直接跟改善空气,交通,住房,就业,甚至提高国际地位等等一系列事情联系在一起.我们就可以断定,这必定是一届政治的奥运会.一个国外知名电视评论员这样说,奥运会在中国承载着太多人的希望,这就使得政府不得不把它作为一件不得不做好的事情.人民的政府自然不能辜负人民,这也是由于当时政府为了获得民众的支持,承诺了太多.把很多政治目标直接很奥运联系在一起,故此,奥运自然的也成为了一件政绩工程.在这里,说中国的奥运政治化,不是说国外的奥运和政治完全无关.但是,要知道,在中国,政治是不能有半点问题的.国外政治上出现问题,可以承担责任,可以辞职.我们中国恐怕不能有这个责任吧...

平淡的生活我很知足,

小小的期待让人幸福.

失眠...失眠....失眠...

很多事情好象就在眼前一样...

记忆在此特别深刻.

我应该不会怕老

因为有很多回忆

人生就有一次,第一次宝贵...

所以连第一次去天马山公墓我也写了...

天马山号称是我们家以前的根据地,我爷爷在那里做个很长一段时间工作,但是我倒还真没去过.话说先到小昆山,我学驾驶的时候只开15分钟.今天乘公共汽车,乘了一个钟头左右...好在有美女陪我说话,唉,怎么就有说不完的话呢...我也纳闷了.睡了6个小时都不到,精力还那么好,果然是逛街锻炼出来的.女版wxb不是吹的...

到了天马山公墓,发现没我想象的大.门口两边的几个石头雕像...其实满一般的,让我想起岳飞墓两边有类似的东西.然后走了不多远就找到了,这个我还是满佩服的,怎么就能找的到呢...我看怎么所有墓碑都差不多...

然后就扫墓了...省略中间环节大概15分钟.不过我还是有句话要说,这是我第一认识的,扫墓原来可以这样的..

不过我知道她心里是在思考着什么,回忆着些什么,这也许是故人如果泉下有知,所希望的吧,人...不论活着还是离去,都不希望被人遗忘.

不知为什么,在那里的时候,我也老是想起自己的爷爷,可能是环境的原因把.

接着就顶着炎炎夏日开始等车,期间我突然发现了那做很有名气的天马山斜塔,远看其实斜得也一般...就像一支斜插在地上的铅笔.

还好让我们等到一辆空调车到了轻轨站,反正一直有空调吹,然后又聊一路...怎么有那么多话好聊捏..我也不懂了...(这里用了重复的修辞手法..)

 

--熬夜更新,品德极佳

今天猪之家聚会,少了老妹,来了丛悦,还有个临时不来的...the more,下次检讨

先是去江元道吃烧烤,丁丁最好,最贤妻良母型,一直在帮我们烤.以后谁娶了丁丁绝对幸福.吃的少,烤的多.

当然,基本上是被李吃了...拧噶瘦,多吃点补补...

最精彩的是逼问团团,叫他拿张女朋友的照片噶辛苦哦。..

不过最后还是看了完整版的.

囊获了所有正常的姿势,不知道不正常的姿势是什么...

还有红绳子将成为永远的把柄,哈哈

接着去茶室打牌,正好两桌,我们这桌打的难分难解啊

我发现自己牌技越来越差了,努力的记牌,还是记不太牢,到后来就随便打打了.

最搞笑的是,打牌当中还碰碎个杯子,赔了10块钱...这种玻璃杯两块顶多了.

还要搞笑的是旁边那桌的杯子有点裂痕,就被店员缠着要赔...难道这家是靠卖杯子的

其他的...好象就没什么了...

大家都没什么变化的感觉,那就over把,大家有什么补充.

 

 

Speculators are largely responsible for driving crude prices to their peaks in recent weeks and the record oil price now looks like a bubble, George Soros has warned.

The billionaire investor's comments came only days after the oil price soared to a record high of $135 a barrel amid speculation that crude could soon be catapulted towards the $200 mark.

In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, Mr Soros said that although the weak dollar, ebbing Middle Eastern supply and record Chinese demand could explain some of the increase in energy prices, the crude oil market had been significantly affected by speculation.

"Speculation... is increasingly affecting the price," he said. "The price has this parabolic shape which is characteristic of bubbles," he said.

'We face the most serious recession of our lifetime'

The comments are significant, not only because Mr Soros is the world's most prominent hedge fund investor but also because many experts have claimed speculation is only a minor factor affecting crude prices.

Oil prices stalled on Friday after their biggest one-day jump since the first Gulf War earlier in the week.

At just over $130 a barrel, the price has doubled in around a year, causing misery for motorists and businesses.

However, Mr Soros warned that the oil bubble would not burst until both the US and Britain were in recession, after which prices could fall dramatically.

"You can also anticipate that [the bubble] will eventually correct but that is unlikely to happen before the recession actually reduces the demand.

"The rise in the price of oil and food is going to weigh and aggravate the recession."

The Bank of England recently warned that soaring energy and food costs would push inflation above its target range for most of the next 18 months, making it more unlikely that it will cut borrowing costs soon.

Mr Soros, who lays out his thoughts on the current crisis in his new book 'The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means', warns Britain is facing its worst economic storm in living memory, dwarfing those of the 1970s and early 1990s, with a housing slump and serious recession.

He said: "The dislocations will be greater [than in the 1970s] because you also have the implications of the house price decline, which you didn't have in the 1970s."

The warning undermines predictions that Britain will suffer only a brief and relatively painless recession, unlike the precipitous dives of previous years.

Mr Soros also warned that the Bank's inflation report represents a "Faustian pact", obliging it to keep interest rates high to control inflation, even as the economy is starting to slump.

"You had the nice decade," he said. "Now that is over and you are in a straitjacket."

索大爷出来说话了,好日子到头了,次贷危机还没过去,房产萧条又来,现在石油价格又在狂升,而且要升到美国经济真正出现衰退.这年头...金融的力量啊....虽然搞的都是虚拟财富,但却能掀起惊涛骇浪.

就当前不久美国财长保叔叔,还在捍卫自己的供求关系论,昨天四名资深石油问题分析人在国会作证,如果立法限制投机,现在的石油价格可以下跌一半.说明索大爷的"Speculation... is increasingly affecting the price,"不是哈来来的,废话...他就是靠这个起家的...

不过现在单靠市场力量,貌似谁也无法控制局面,Saudi Abrabia大概觉得自己很强悍,但增产的数量扔进去就像扔水里一样...接下来估计,经济法要派用场了,另一只手应该要介入了,四位专家的作证说明立法限制投机的可能性,能源委员会可能也有意推动立法,否则找人来做什么证.

我们所期待的是看到这将是怎么样的一部法,这对中国的金融法律立法是极其具有借鉴意义的.金融是别人的发明,我们没有这方面的专家,好在金融也是全球化的,对冲基金的运做覆盖全球,我们大概能够"拿来主义"一下,总比在那裸奔强.

美国人不是吃素的,不会干等索大爷预言的经济衰退的.否则还做什么no.1...

A bar examination is an examination to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction.

-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

为什么我总是不愿多言，

因为我生来什么也看不见，

望着远方却没有景色，

更想躲在自己的世界。

 

有爸爸搀扶我仍然走得艰难，

因为前面很远我连想也不敢，

爸爸的念书给我的声音很好听，

他握着我的大手是唯一的温暖。

 

戴着红领巾却不知道它的鲜艳，

听着笑声却不晓得它的灿烂，

我努力地向前摸索着，然而，

真实的世界于我是如此虚幻。

被特许方作为独立缔约人

第十四条第一款  本协议不形成被特许方为特许方代理商,法定代表人,合资人,合伙人,雇员关系.

第十四条第二款  被特许方应为独立缔约人绝无授权代表特许方签定合同,协议,保证或声明或代表特许方明示或默示创设任何义务.

第十四条第三款  双方同意本协议在特许方和被特许方并不创设信托关系.

偶翻如下:

The franchisee as independent contractor

14.1  No legal relationship between franchiser and franchisee is formed by this Agreement, such as agency, legal representative, joint venture,partnership,employment.

14.2  The franchisee as independent contractor is not granted any authorization to sign contract or agreement, make warrenty or representation in name of or on behalf on the franchiser, and to create any obligation,explicitly and implicitly, in name of or on behalf of franchiser.

14.3  Both parties agree that this agreement does not create fiduciary relationship between franchiser and franchisee.

第一款的中文貌似本身就有问题,形成的客体是关系,前面的代理商和法定代理人都是人,不是关系.

标翻如下:

The franchisee as independent contractor

14.1  This agreement does not constiture Franchisee an agent, legal representative,joint venturer,partner, or employee Franchiser for any purpose. (动宾结构简单实用,直接将被特许者表达成为某个某个人,而非与特许人避免了用关系来表达.对中文的不清楚表达进行了完全的修正.我原本想用否定词提前来加强语气,却没想实际中倒不如动宾结构来得干净利落.)

14.2  Franchise shall be an independent contractor and is in no way authorized to make a contract,agreement,agreement,warranty or representation on behalf of Franchiser or to create any obligation,express or implied,on behalf of Franchiser. (in no way的用法更贴近原文的意思,"绝无"体现现在无授权,将来也不可能有授权,我的翻译只是说现在没.还犯了重大的初级错误,用了sign,这里的签订不是指具体的签,更多的是强调订,一起用make就可以了)

14.3  The parties agree that this agreement does not create a fiduciary relationship between Franchiser and Franchisee.

 

困了~~

 

有both投资法,公司法的东东

The first law in modern times permitting foreign investment in China was the Chinese-foreign joint equity venture law adopted in 1979. Since then, and particularly in the last five years pursuant to China's accession to the WTO, China's foreign investment regime has evolved significantly. Recently, the pace of change has accelerated, with new laws, regulations or rules being adopted almost every month.

Most of the foreign investments in China to date have been direct investments in greenfield projects in the form of an equity joint venture (EJV), cooperative joint venture (CJV), wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE), or, to a limited extent, foreign-invested joint stock company limited by shares (FIJSC). Separate laws, regulations and rules govern the establishment and operation of such entities, which collectively are called foreign invested enterprises or FIEs.

The areas of business in which FIEs may engage are categorized in the periodically updated Catalogue Guiding Foreign Investment in Industry as "encouraged," "permitted," "restricted," or "prohibited," according to the extent that the Chinese government wishes to incentivize foreign investment in particular industries. All M&A in China is subject to the restrictions on foreign investment described in the Catalogue. Most of the industries in the encouraged or permitted categories allow 100% foreign ownership, and investments in the encouraged industries are entitled to preferential treatment.

Generally, investments in the restricted industries require Chinese joint venture partners and, in some cases, that such Chinese partners retain a majority interest; such investments, moreover, are typically subject to approval by the government authority responsible for the relevant industry, in addition to the other government approvals usually required for any foreign investment. No foreign investment is allowed in the prohibited industries. However, as a result of China's implementation of its WTO access commitments, restrictions in respect of most of the industrial and service sectors will have been liberalized according to different timetables over the six-year period that began on December 11 2001 (so by the end of 2007).

With the dramatic growth of China's economy, some Chinese businesses have emerged as attractive acquisition targets for foreign investors. Such acquisition activity appears likely to constitute an increasing portion of future foreign investment into China. Apparently in response, China has issued a series of regulations governing M&A transactions by foreign investors involving various target entities in China. In the meantime, the laws regulating FIEs remain relevant to most M&A involving foreign investors, which are required to form FIEs as onshore acquisition or operating vehicles. This article will focus on the specific rules and regulations governing M&A and private equity transactions in China.

Share-exchange transactions permitted

On August 8 2006, six Chinese government agencies jointly issued the 2006 M&A Rules, substantially amending and expanding China's 2003 M&A Rules. The new rules became effective on September 8 2006. The 2006 M&A Rules establish a general legal framework for foreign investors to acquire either equity or assets of a Chinese company in exchange for cash or stock of the foreign acquirer, requiring (among other things) approval by one or more Chinese government agencies.

Unlike under the 2003 M&A Rules, under the 2006 Rules the use of a foreign publicly listed company's shares as consideration for the exchange of Chinese equity securities in connection with an M&A transaction is (for the first time) expressly permitted and regulated. Two requirements, among others, for such a share exchange transaction are that:

The foreign shares used as consideration must be traded on a public stock market (not traded over the counter or privately held) and must have a "stable" share price over the previous 12 months; and

The foreign listed company (and its management) must not have been subject to any sanction by a relevant regulatory authority within the past three years.

The new rules require a multi-step government approval process for such a share exchange transaction. First, the Chinese target company submits to the Ministry of Commerce (MofCom) an advisory report issued by its M&A advisor, together with other documents related to the share ownership and trading, financial condition, and good standing of both the Chinese company and the foreign listed company. Second, if the application is satisfactory, MofCom issues a restricted approval certificate and within six months thereafter the parties must complete the equity transfers. Third, the Chinese company files a tentative foreign exchange registration with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) and a tentative business license registration with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC). Fourth, MofCom issues an unrestricted approval certificate after verifying completion of the equity transfers. Fifth, the Chinese company must obtainan unrestricted foreign exchange registration certificate and a business license, from SAFE and SAIC respectively.

Acquisitions of listed companies

Chinese corporate investors and the state own a substantial portion of the issued shares of most Chinese listed companies. Those shares, called legal person shares or state-owned shares, were owned prior to listing and, until recently, were not freely tradable. There are two other types of shares issued by such companies which are tradable, however, namely A shares and B shares. Until recently, A shares, the most commonly traded shares on Chinese stock exchanges, were permitted to be sold only to Chinese investors. Foreign investors, on the other hand, were allowed to acquire only B shares, which are issued by a small percentage of Chinese listed companies. Thus, Chinese publicly traded companies were largely inaccessible to foreign investors. Recently, however, some foreign investors, including some prominent private equity investors, have expressed interest in making investments in listed companies in China, apparently due in part to the potential larger scale of such investments than other deals in the market and also the relatively low trading prices of such companies' securities when compared to those of comparable companies listed in other markets. Recent regulatory changes as described below, moreover, appear intended to gradually encourage such foreign investment in listed Chinese companies.

New accounting standards for listed companies.

On February 15 2006, China's Ministry of Finance issued a series of new and revised Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises, which will become effective on January 1 2007 for listed companies. Most of the new accounting standards reflect the approaches and principles of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). For example, the new standards provide formal accounting standards and comprehensive and detailed guidelines applicable to business combinations and consolidated financial statements akin to those established by the IFRS. By aligning Chinese accounting standards with a reliable international standard, these changes improve the likelihood that foreign investors will be able to conduct meaningful financial due diligence on listed Chinese companies.

Share liquidity reform

Since April 2005, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has promoted a share liquidity reform programme under which listed companies are being restructured to convert almost all non-tradable legal person shares into freely tradable A shares within two years. To date, more than 85% of China's listed companies have completed this programme.

Foreign investors may acquire A shares

Under the Administrative Measure for Strategic Investments in Listed Companies by Foreign Investors (the FSI Rules), which became effective on January 31 2006, foreign investors are now permitted to purchase A shares directly on China's stock exchanges as "mid- or long-term strategic acquisition investments." The FSI Rules apply to acquisitions of A shares of listed companies which have completed their own share liquidity reform measures and of companies that are listed after the completion of CSRC's overall share liquidity reform. Under the FSI Rules, foreign strategic investors must either own at least $100 million of assets or have at least $500 million assets under management and must be "financially sound, credible foreign legal persons or other entities with significant management experience".

It thus appears that large private equity funds would qualify as foreign strategic investors under the FSI Rules. The FSI Rules do not impose any specific ownership percentage caps, although acquired shares are subject to a three-year lockup period after the acquisition. The FSI Rules also allow foreign strategic investors to acquire A shares through offshore subsidiaries, provided the parent agrees to be jointly and severally liable for the investment activities of such offshore subsidiaries and submits to MofCom an irrevocable letter of undertaking to that effect. Many observers expect that the FSI Rules will expand the market for acquisitions of Chinese listed companies by foreign investors.

Non-tradable shares may be acquired

In November 2002, several Chinese government authorities jointly issued the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Transfer to Foreign Investors of Listed Company State-Owned Shares and Legal Person Shares. The shares notice provides that sales of legal person shares to foreign investors should "in principle" be conducted through an open bidding process and are subject to numerous government approvals. Since the issuance of the notice, a limited number of such transactions have been approved by the Chinese government, including Citigroup's acquisition of a minority stake in Shanghai Pudong Development Bank inMay 2003 and Newbridge Capital's acquisition of a minority stake in Shenzhen Development Bank in May 2004.

Mandatory tender offer rule relaxed

The Administrative Measures on the Takeover of Listed Companies issued by the CSRC on September 28 2002 required a foreign investor who purchased 30% or more of the outstanding shares of a Chinese listed company to make a "general offer" to all shareholders of the listed company to purchase all of their shares. This requirement may be waived by the CSRC under certain conditions. On July 31 2006, CSRC issued its new Administrative Measures on the Takeover of Listed Companies, which became effective on September 1 2006. Under the new measures, when a foreign investor purchases 30% or more of the outstanding shares of a Chinese listed company, the investor is not required to make a general offer for all shares of the listed company. Rather, it may make a general offer to purchase any amount of shares from the company's shareholders provided that the aggregate amount of shares proposed to be purchased through the general offer is not less than 5% of all issued shares of the listed company. The relaxation of mandatory tender offer requirements provides potential investors in public companies with far greater flexibility and less costly access to controlling stakes.

New company law

China's new Company Law, which became effective on January 1 2006,contains many important revisions intended to improve structuring flexibility for investors and operational efficiency for Chinese companies. The new Company Law applies to limited liability companies (LLCs), joint stock companies limited by shares (JSCs) and FIEs, except where laws and regulations that specifically govern FIEs provide otherwise. On April 24 2006, several Chinese authorities jointly issued the Implementing Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Administration of the Examination, Approval and Registration of Foreign-invested Companies to confirm and clarify the application of certain amendments to the new Company Law applicable to FIEs. Below are summaries of certain notable amendments that are relevant to foreign investments, particularly private equity investments, in China.

Greater flexibility on voting rights and profit distributions

The new Company Law introduces greater flexibility for shareholders in determining their voting and profit distribution rights in an LLC and JSC. Because such flexibility also extends to an FIJSC, the corporate governance rules applicable to which are generally regulated under the new Company Law, foreign investors may now consider forming a FIJSC, instead of other types of FIEs, in order to retain greater flexibility when determining the capital structure.

Restrictions on company investment eliminated

Previously, the aggregate amount of a company's investment in other companies was limited to 50% of its net assets. The new Company Laweliminates this and allows a company to freely invest in another company as long as it does not assume any joint and several liabilities for the investee's debts. This change in law, which also applies to FIEs, substantially liberalizes the restrictions on corporate investment activity, another potential source of increased M&A activity in China.

New corporate governance provisions

The new Company Law addresses corporate governance and duties and liabilities of directors and officers. It explicitly imposes duties of care and loyalty on directors, supervisors, and members of senior management. However, the new Company Law does not provide any specificguidance on fiduciary duty standards (for example, it does not address business judgment rule standards for directors or officers).

New government approval requirements

The 2006 M&A Rules require foreign investors to notify MofCom if aproposed M&A transaction results in foreign investors controlling any Chinese company that involves or affects:

A key domestic industry;

National economic security; or

Well-known or traditional trademarks or brand names.

If MofCom is not properly notified, the agency may require termination of the transaction, divestment of equity interests or assets, orany other action required to dissipate negative effects to national economic security resulting from the transaction.

These new economic-security-safeguard provisions are both broad and vague regarding which industries are key, when national economic security is affected, and what trademarks and brand names are well-known or traditional. The new rules also place the onus on the parties todetermine whether a transaction triggers the notification requirement. In addition, it is not clear whether the new rules grant MofCom the power to block a transaction after an advance notice has been filed.

The 2006 M&A Rules require approval by MofCom where a domestic person (a company, enterprise or natural person) in China establishes or controls a foreign company and the foreign company acquires a Chinese affiliated company. Requirements for approval are unclear and the terms "domestic person" in China and "control" are undefined. It is not clear how this approval requirement will be applied in relation to the so-called Circular 75 issued by SAFE, which covers similar transactions and already requires a registration process with SAFE.

When foreign investors acquire an interest in a Chinese company, it is common (particularly in a private equity or venture capital context) for the foreign investors to offer selected Chinese persons (such as an owner or manager of the Chinese company who remains with the company post-acquisition) an opportunity to own, at and after the closing, equity interests in the foreign company established to make the acquisition. Whether such a transaction would trigger the approval requirement under the 2006 M&A Rules is unclear.